Use the tax code to your benefit when saving or gifting money for a loved one’s college education.
Whether you’re saving for your own child’s education or helping a grandchild, or loved one, pay for school, there are several tax-advantaged strategies to consider.
For example, 529 plans offer attractive tax benefits, and gift tax rules provide generous exemptions for college tuition. But what’s right for your financial situation and student?
Together with your tax professional, we can help you navigate complex IRS rules to help ensure that your college savings plan is tax efficient and meets your financial goals.
In this article
529 plans — gifting and tax considerations
Who can give to a 529 plan?
Anyone — a parent, family friend or extended family member — can contribute to a 529 plan.
As a tax-advantaged savings account specifically designed for educational expenses, a 529 college savings plan gift can provide tax benefits to those who want to help with a child’s education expenses.
How does a 529 plan provide tax benefits to the beneficiary?
A 529 plan allows you to contribute after-tax money into an investment account on behalf of a designated beneficiary (usually your child, but it could be a grandchild, niece, nephew, family friend or even you). The money grows tax-deferred, and withdrawals are tax-free if the distributions are used for qualified education expenses.
Qualified education expenses include:
- The full cost of tuition, fees, books, computers and related equipment and, in some cases, room and board (assuming the student is attending at least half-time) at any college or graduate school in the U.S. or abroad accredited by the U.S. Department of Education.
- The cost of certified apprenticeship programs registered with the U.S. Department of Labor.
- Student loan repayments (up to a $10,000 lifetime limit per beneficiary and $10,000 per each of the beneficiary's siblings).1
- K-12 tuition expenses up to $10,000 per year.
How are gifts to a 529 plan taxed?
Though 529 plan contributions are considered gifts for federal tax purposes, you can contribute up to a certain amount per year without incurring gift tax consequences.
For 2024, an individual can gift up to $18,000 per beneficiary, and married couples can gift up to $36,000 per beneficiary without using any of their life-time gift tax exclusion or utilizing the 529 plan superfunding provision.2
State tax benefits
More than 30 states now offer a state income tax deduction or tax credit for 529 plan contributions. However, in most cases you must contribute to your home state’s 529 plan to qualify for the benefit. Some states, however, allow you to claim a state tax benefit for contributions to any state’s 529 plan. Resources such as the College Savings Plan Network offer tools to see the tax deductions available in your state and compare 529 plan options. Work with your tax advisor to determine an appropriate option for your circumstances.
Estate planning strategies for grandparents
For those looking to remove assets from a taxable estate while also funding a loved one’s education, the following college savings gift options can be valuable strategies:
Superfunding (also known as forward-gifting) strategy
Under special rules unique to 529 plans, you can gift a lump sum of up to five times the amount of the annual gift tax exclusion — $90,000 for individual gifts or $180,000 for joint gifts in 2024 — and still avoid the federal gift tax or using any of your lifetime gift tax exclusion. To do so, you must elect to spread the gift evenly over five years on your federal gift tax return. A person who chooses to take full advantage of the five-year spread for 529 plans would not be able to give additional gifts to that person during the five-year period without using some of their lifetime gift tax exclusion, unless the annual gift tax exclusion were increased, such as through an inflation adjustment in a subsequent year.
Tuition exclusion from gift tax
In addition to superfunding, another way grandparents can preserve their lifetime gift tax exclusion — and potentially remove assets from their estate — is writing a check directly to their grandchild’s school.
Tuition payments made directly to a college are not considered gifts for gift tax purposes, nor do they count toward the annual gift tax exclusion or use up any of the grandparents’ lifetime gift tax exclusion. However, the tuition exclusion only applies to tuition payments and not for other college expenses like books, supplies or even room and board.
Learn more: 529 plans: frequently asked questions
How college savings gifts may affect financial aid
FAFSA considerations
Assets owned by grandparents (or anyone other than a custodial parent) that will be used for college — like a 529 plan — don’t need to be reported on the FAFSA.
In previous years, money distributed to the student or spent on their behalf had to be reported as untaxed income, which in some instances, significantly impacted the amount of aid the student was eligible for. But starting in 2022, money distributed to the student or spent on their behalf by nonparents is no longer reported as untaxed income and doesn’t impact the amount of aid the student will be eligible for.
CSS Profile considerations
The College Scholarship Service (CSS) Profile, meanwhile, counts all 529 plans that list the student as a beneficiary, regardless of the account owner, in its asset calculations. The CSS Profile also includes a sibling’s 529 plan (at least those under age 19 and not yet in college) when determining expected family contribution.
Learn more: FAFSA and the CSS Profile: What are they and how do they work?
Tax credits and deductions
There are several federal tax incentives aimed at offsetting the financial cost of higher education:
- American Opportunity Tax Credit: This partially refundable credit is worth up to $2,500 for tuition and related expenses for the first four years of undergraduate education, provided the student is enrolled in school at least half-time. The credit is subject to income limitations and other eligibility requirements, and it can’t be claimed for the same expenses paid for with a distribution from a 529 plan.
- Lifetime Learning Credit: This credit can be claimed for tuition and certain fees for undergraduate, graduate or professional degree courses taken throughout a student’s lifetime. Students can claim 20% of the first $10,000 of qualified education expenses up to $2,000, and there is no limit on the number of years a student can claim the credit. However, this credit is phased-out at certain income levels. Though the credit is not refundable, it is a credit against federal income taxes owed. Importantly, the Lifetime Learning Credit and the American Opportunity Credit can't be claimed in the same year for the same student.
- Student loan interest deduction: If you’ve graduated with student loans, this deduction allows you to deduct up to $2,500 of the interest you pay on student loans each year, depending on your household income and other requirements.